Some important enzymes present in some bacteria

Some important enzymes present in some bacteria 

Some bacteria's are capable of forming capsules there is also a increase in the virulence and this resits hosts defenses by impairing phagocytes. examples of this can occur with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Bacillus anthracis. 

The enzyme coagulase which is able to coagulates fibrinogen is able to form blood clot and this protects the bacterium from phagocytosis and isolates it to form other deference of the host. Coagulases are produced by some staphylococci. 

The enzyme Kinases, which is able to break down fibrin clots such as Streptokinase which is produced by S. Pyogenes. The Hyaluronidase is able to hydrolyise hyaluronic acid and this helps to spread from its initial site of infection. 

-Collagenase = Hydrolases collagen

-IgA Proteases=Destroy IgA antibodies 

The hosts cells in cytoskeleton provides the mechanism and actin is used and is used to penetrate hosts cells and this moves through and between hosts cells. 

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Calorimetric Assays

Calorimetric Assays 

Calorimetric assays are the most used analytic methods in Biomedical science because they are very quick, least inexpensive and  robust and is used in the detection and quantification for analytes. 

The calorimetric assays they work on the principle that when a reaction occurs it will also produce a color product. This color product can then be measured using a spectrometer, it is used routinely now in laboratory all around the work to detect urea, glucose, bilirubin and a range of enzymes such as transaminaseses.

Enzymes are measured in arbitrary units were the around of substrate to product in mmol is used in a time period per minute at different temperatures and can be used to quantify viable cells using a MTT assay. 

This image is showing how the wells look like and the information which can be put into a graphical chart such as a bar chart or even a line graph using absorbance vs sample. 

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JAK-STAT pathway Interferons

JAK-STAT pathway Interferons 

Interferon's and this means that it interferes with viral replication, naturally occurring proteins and glycoproteins which is secreted by Eukaryota cells and is in response to viral infections and tumors which bind to receptors and to cells next to each other which creates synthesis of viral proteins and stops cells being affected by interferon signalling. 

Cytokines are attached to the receptors and causes internalization and degradation. SOCS are proteins which bind to and inhibit JAKs. SOCS and are activated by STAT dimers and are a type of negative feed back control. 

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Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Glutamate Dehydrogenase 

Glutamate Dehydrogenase is a type of enzyme that is to turn Glutamate into a-ketoglutarate. The enzyme has a enzyme number of EC.1.4.1.2 it has a species of Oxioductase.

It is used in metabolism, in the urea cycle and in the nitrogen cycle. 
It is also both anabloic and catabolic and so can be calld ubiquitious. 

this diagram is showing the reaction of the enzyme Glutamate Dehydrogenase as you can see it is very complex and is also called NADP+

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Law of Mass Action

Law of Mass Action 

Antigen antibody reactions are reversible and the law of mass action can now be applied and the antibody affinity (has a equilibrium constant K) which can then be calculated. 

The Law of Mass Action looks like this: 

The relationship between the value of the equilibrium constant K and the concentrations of reactants and products is still products/reactants. 

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What is the IBMS?

What is the IBMS?

As you may already know by now I am currently studying Bsc Biomedical Science and in class this week we learnt about two different organisations in the science field that are very important. 

A Biomedical Scientist is someone who is scientifically qualified and registered practitioner who work in clinical pathology departments.
To qualify as a biomedical scientist need to have both academic (Biomedical Science degree) and vocational (training in a lab). 

The Institute of Biomedical Science
Aims:
Represent its members and set standards of behavior of members and enable career development and educate its members and promote biomedical science to the public and to award qualifications. 

The Biomedical scientists are monthly and keep up to date news and job vacancies and help publish articles. 

The British Journal Science are quarterly and describes scientifically research and to improve techniques. 


To join the IBM there is different membership levels:
1-Associate:  A qualification of level 2- non equivalent UK degree e.g. international degree. 
2-Licentiate- IBMS accredited degree + IBMS certificate of competence from a registered portfolio 
3-Member-Speciaist Diploma + Msc + Licentiate for 2 years. 
5-Fellow- Higher specialist Diploma+  PHD + member for 3 years

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Basic Gram Staining Information

Basic Gram Staining Information 

All Prokaryotes are unicellular and some species and aggregate or form true colonies and some even are able to show division of labor between bio-films and specialist cell types. It is also common in Cocci, Bacilli and Spirochate Helices. 

Bacteria is classified on its ability to stain for the last 150 years or so and this is where we can differentiate between the two different major groups of bacteria which have different cell wall envelopes. 

Gram Positive (+) = Bacteria retain the stain which is crystal violet turns a purple color. 

Gram Negative (-) = Where bacteria appear pink is due to the counter stain. 

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