Ribsomes (complex)

Ribosomes (complex)

Aminoactyl-tRNA Synthase is the enzyme responsible for linking the amino acid to the tRNA. A specific enzyme for each amino acid and not for the tRNA. 
There are 2 adaptors which translate the genetic code to protein. 

Ribosomes are complex machinery that controls protein synthesis and 2 subunits one is large and catalyses the peptide bond formation. 
There is 1 small subunit which is small and binds mRNA and tRNA, this contains proteins and RNA. rRNA is central to the catalytic activity and is folded structure which is highly conserved and the protein has less homology and may not be as important. 

Ribosomes structures may be free in the cytoplasm  or attached to the enoplasmic reticulum. The subunits are in the nucleus in the nucleolus and transported to the cytoplasm. 
The 1 large subunit is used to catalyse the formation of  the peptide bond and the 1 small units matches the tRNA to the mRNA and moves along the mRNA adding amino acids to growing protein chain. 

Ribosomal movement is such that there are 4 binding sites and this the mRNA binding site. The peptidyl-tRNA binding site called the P site, holds tRNA attached to growing end of the peptide. 
Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site A which holders the incoming AA and the E site which is the exit site. 

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Metabolic energy balance in the body

Metabolic energy balance in the body

Metabolic energy balance in the body is used to determine by the function of liver, muscles and adipose tissues. It is mediated by the nervous system and circulating substrates such as plasma hormones levels. The energy metabolism relies heavily on the regulation of primary action of insulin and glucagon. 

Before Insulin: 
In 1960s pro-insulin was extracted from pancreas and a single chain of 84 aa and C-peptide 33 aa was cut to leave 1 insulin gene. 

The C peptide was used as a marker gene for endogenous insulin productions. 

The pre-pro-insulin had an extra 23 aa and at N terminal forming signal sequence. 

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A background on infections

 A background on infections 

A defense keeps us healthy however if pathogens are able to overcome our defenses then that is how a disease results. 

Pathology is the study of disease. 
Etiology is the study of the cause of the disease. 
Parthenogenesis is the development of disease. 
Infection is the colonisation of a body by pathogens. 
Disease is the abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally. 

Transient microbiota may be present for days, weeks or even months. Normal  microbiota can permanently colonies the host. 

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Disk Diffusion Method

Disk Diffusion Method 

Disk Diffusion is a Kirby-Bauer method and is commonly used for testing in laboratories. 

The zone of inhibition is the area around the antibiotic which it has successful killed bacteria around and stopped the growth of bacteria on the agar gel disk. The larger zone indicate more susceptible and smaller zones means that they are more resistant. 

To use a disk diffusion method is pretty simple the first step is to make sure you are using a well isolated 18-24 hour old specimen. Transfer the specimen to the broth.  Place the appropriate drug such as a antibiotic and invert plate and use a marker to label them and then incubate them at 35'C for about 18-24 hours, the next day you would see the zones of inhibitions and this can be measured. 

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I have started second year of Biomedical science!

Dear fellow Readers and Students! 

I am pleased to tell you all that I have successfully started my second year at Biomedical science! I am excited to kick  start the new academic year with new science topics and interesting scientific enhancements. which makes learning and studying so fun! I do hope all my readers have achieved there best grades and cheers to a new year! :) 

-Mr. Paracetamol 

Why it is important to know why genotypes of gametes?

Why it is important to know why genotypes of gametes?

Phenotype is the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Genotype is the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

Chromosomes contain many genes and humans have 23 different pairs of chromosomes.

Gene mutations are changes to the base sequences in the DNA which alterations vary in severity. Such as Substition where one nucelotide is exchanged for another. Insertion where an extra nucleotide or more than one is placed in the DNA. Deletion is when a nucleotide or more than one is removed from DNA sequence.  

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What are SAPS?

What are SAPS? 

SAPS

Heat resistance arises due to the dehydration of the core due to water absorption of the coretx and the process of a spore formation can take 8 hours in bacillus subtilis. The position of the endospore differs among bacterial species which is useful for its identfication. Spore germination has three stages such as activation which requires specific treament such as heat and the germination which requires nutrients and finally Outgrowth Spore-forming bacteria. Some bacteria such as the Bacillus and Clostridium species are able to formspores. These spores, also referred to as endospores, are the dormant form of vegetative bacteria and are highly resistant to physical and chemical influences.

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